In 2012, a research team at the University of Guelph randomly selected 44 herbal products off the shelves in Canada and the U. S. and started comparing them to the plant DNA in their databank. They found that percent of the products contained ingredients not listed on their labels. Even more astonishingly, proved to be outright fakes. More recently, Eric Schneiderman ordered up his own tests of herbal supplements purchased from four major chains — Walmart, Walgreens, Target and GNC — from various locations around New York State. He found that only percent of products tested had DNA evidence that they contained the product listed on the label. They found DNA, DNA, and other things, but not the product that was on the labels. The Institute of Medicine recommends avoiding getting above 4,000 IUs of daily because that could be associated with adverse events: in the urine, which can be associated with ; high blood , calcium in the ; vascular ; as well as calcification. And there are now studies that show a U-shaped curve — that those who have as well as blood levels of have higher risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as all-cause mortality. So we can’t assume that more is necessarily better. The FDA division in charge of the supplement industry is , with employees. They target companies they consider the most risky, but agree the problem remains much bigger than that. Because of the targeting and because of, traditionally, the way the supplement industry has developed over time, a proportion of inspections of dietary supplements have substantial problems compared to other categories that FDA regulates. To many, supplements may look like , but there is a big difference. have to prove their products are safe and effective before putting them on the market. Those who make don’t, not unless they’re introducing that’s never been marketed before.