You are breeding a new variety of apple, the Omega Pippin. In the wild, Apple trees reproduce sexually, through pollination of flowers. Apple trees grown for agriculture are usually propagated asexually by grafting of buds or shoots.
i. You are studying two loci in a new variety of apple: T and R. I TT or Tt apples tend to be sweet and tart, whereas tt apples taste sour. RR or Rr apples rot quickly (a bad thing for you!) whereas rr apples can be kept in storage for a long time without losing their flavor.

You survey several dozen trees and find the following haplotype abundances: TR = 0,3 tR =0.2 T = 0,1 tr = 0.4

Calculate the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium D for these loci (show your work).

ii. Are the T and R loci in linkage disequilibrium based on your above answer? Circle one: yes/no / can't tell

iii. Recall that in agriculture apple trees are often propagated by grafting (i. e. not sexually). If you did allow your apple trees to reproduce with one another sexually for several generations, what effect would you expect this would have?

Circle one: a. Increase the amount of linkage disequilibrium between TT and RR b. Decrease the amount of linkage disequilibrium between TT and RR c. No effect on linkage disequilibrium between TT and RR