The parts that are either directly or indirectly related to each other in a system are known as what?

this is  system approach,

Explanation:

This is an old concept first proposed  by  Ludwig Von, for better understanding of complexity of a complex unit,.

This approach places individual elements in their environment, and study  them through observation of the relationship they share with one another. It  underlying principle in any organisation  is that workers' well being is related to the product outputs.Thus an improvements in the system, has a postie effects  on the outputs and and satisfaction of the workers.

cramming before a final is bad because it makes a student's stress level higher. students who embrace cramming to get through a final exam week find themselves struggling to perform consistently, once the brain adjusts to prolonged sleep deprivation.

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explanation: