1. Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, but only can live in hostile environments such as in hot springs.
2. are not monophyletic and so are very diverse, defined as any eukaryote that isn’t a fungus, plant, or animal.
3. Fungi are and cannot produce their own food.

Respond to the following based on your reading.
4. As you take a walk in the woods, you encounter a plant that doesn't have a root structure or a way to soak up water. What type of plant is this?
5. Which kingdoms are entirely heterotrophic?
6. If you encountered a hot spring, which kingdom of organisms would be most likely to live in that hot spring?
7. Why did scientists only include plants and animals in the initial classification levels describing life?

1. Archaea

2. Protists

3. Heterotrophic

4. Bryophyte

5. Fungi and Animalia

6. Kingdom Archaeabacteria

7. Because they were the only physically observed organisms

Explanation:

1. Archaea is a Domain of living organisms that consists of prokaryotic organisms that are well adapted to survive or thrive in extreme environmental conditions e.g hot springs.

2. Protists are eukaryotic organisms like plants, fungi and animal. The other three Eukaryotes except Protists are monophyletic i.e. they evolved from a single common ancestor. Protists, on the other hand, are not monophyletic because they contain diverse organisms that are closely related to other kingdoms other than Kingdom Protista.

3. Fungi is a group of eukaryotic organisms that cannot produce their own food, hence, they rely on other organisms for their source of energy. Due to this reason, they are termed HETEROTROPHIC organisms.

4. Bryophytes are lower plants characterized by the lack of a true stem and root, instead, they possess an anchoring structure called RHIZOID. They are unable to conduct water from the soil due to their lack of roots. Bryophytes consists of mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

5. Kingdoms Fungi and Animalia consists of organisms that are dependent on other organisms for energy source. The organisms in these Kingdoms are entirely heterotrophic. Kingdoms Plantae and Protista, on the other hand, comprises of organisms that can produce their own food i.e. Autotroph

6. Kingdom Archaeabacteria consists of prokaryotic organisms called ARCHAEA that can thrive in extreme or hostile environments e.g hot springs described in the question. They are well adapted to this kind of conditions and are referred to as extremophiles.

7. All living organisms were once classified as plants or animals depending on the features that were physically observed by scientists in them. This two-kingdom classification was done on the basis of the mode of nutrition and locomotion of organisms.

many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. a lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched is called basal taxon. when two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are called sister taxa.

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explanation:

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.