1) The volume of a balloon is 225 ml. The temperature of the balloon is 20°C. If a scientist
drops the temperature by 10°C, what is the new volume?

217.3ml

Explanation:

In order to answer this question, we apply Charles' law, which states that at a constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of gas (V) is directly proportional to the temperature (T).

That is, V = KT

K = V/T

Hence, V1/T1 = V2/T2

Where; V1 = initial volume

V2 = final volume

T1 = initial temperature

T2 = final temperature

The unit of temperature must be in Kelvin (K), which is the unit for absolute temperature.

To convert Celsius (°C) to Kelvin (K), we use; K = C + 273

Hence, T1 = 273 + 20 = 293K

T2 = 273 + 10 = 283K

V1 = 225ml

V2 = ?

Using the formula; V1/T1 = V2/T2

225/293 = V2/283

We cross multipy;

293 × V2 = 283 × 225

293V2 = 63675

We divide both sides by 293

V2 = 63675/293

V2 = 217.32

Hence, the new volume (V2) is 217.3ml

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interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle