Club foot is one of the most common congenital skeletal abnormalities, with a worldwide incidence of about 1 in 1000 births. Both genetic and nongenetic factors are thought to be responsible for club foot. C. A. Gurnett et al. (2008. American Journal of Human Genetics 83:616–622) identified a family in which club foot was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance. They discovered a mutation in the PITXI gene that caused club foot in this family. Through DNA testing, they determined that 11 people in the family carried the PITXI mutation, but only 8 of these people had club foot. What is the penetrance of PITXI mutation in this family? Please round to two decimal places (e. g. 0.01).

Penetrance might be characterized as the part of the predetermined genotypes populace that shows the normal phenotype.  

Here, total number of genotypes (PITXI transformation observed) = 11  

Genuine influenced phenotypes = 8  

Penetrance =  (Watched number of club foot occasions) / (all out number of people with PITXI transformation)  

 Penetrance = 8/11

Penetrance = 0.72

any abiotic or biotic factor in an ecosystem that causes a population's size to slow or decrease is a limiting factor.

enzyme active site and substrate specificity

enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. there may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. in some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products