If the ATP synthase for an organism contains 9 C subunits, how many protons must be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane per each new ATP that is synthesized by ATP synthase? (Don't forget to consider transport of the reactants.)

Explanation:

1. ATP synthase is an multisubunit enzyme;  (also referred to as F₀F₁ ATPase).  

2. ATP synthase or F₀F₁ ATPase is located in the  inner membrane of mitochondria.

3.  and it functions as a proton transporter in the membrane.

4. It drive ATP synthesis from the molecule  ADP and phosphate.  

5. It transport protons according to the gradient potential across the membrane.

6. As given here, If the ATP synthase contains 9 C subunits, then 3 protons must be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane per each new ATP synthesis.

the elements of art are the visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition. these are line, shape, color, value, form, texture, and space.

the principles of art and design are balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity/variety.