1) Explain what a 'trophic cascade' is as it relates to the Wolves, and give examples of a few organisms which were affected by Wolves originally being removed for the park and then returned in 1995.

Trophic cascade is defined as an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in a relative population of predators and prey through food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in the ecosystem structure and nutrients cycling.

Explanation:

An example was the removal of wolves in Eastern North America which was associated with an increase in white tailed deer and a decline in plants eaten by the deer.

Explanation:

The basic concept of trophic cascade in relation to Wolves simply means that, introduction of wolves into the tropic levels food chain at the top, provided a paradigm shifts in the flow of nutrients within the ecosystem, and ensures nutrient balance in the ecosystem.

it simply explains how the introduction of Wolves to Yellowstone park, provided a wide spread effects on the population in the park,  by  controlling  the population of grazers elk, and how this help  regrow of grasses through hove impacts on soil which  promotes water retention  aeration of the soil.This provided regrow of grasses in the park. thus as the grasses repopulated  insects, small animals, herbivorous birds population increases. Besides the effects on elf of   Wolf  predation  enabled plants -aspens and willows which elf grazed on to, repopulates  in the park. Thus enough nutrients is available for the entire ecosystem

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The cascade effects  of wolf introduction on Coyotes which originally predates on small rodents, and other small animals thus denying other small animals in the population nutrients ,  also ensure distribution of nutrients in the ecosystem. As the population of Coyote is suppressed by Wolf,other carnivorous birds hawk, eagle, increases as there were more prey to feed on.

Thus the Wolf predator has regulated the ecosystem.

The  trophic cascade effects of introduction of Wolve promotes, even distribution of nutrients in the Yellowstone park, which maintains a  well nutrients balanced ecosystems.