The hormone epinephrine binds to ß adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells of the bronchioles, causing them to dilate (increase in diameter). Thyroid hormone is essential for the synthesis of ß adrenergic receptors; therefore, in the absence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine cannot trigger bronchodilation. This concept if known as .

The correct answer is "permissiveness".

Explanation:

The missing options of the question are:

permissiveness

synergistic effect

antagonism

additive effect

The correct answer is "permissiveness",

In biology, a permissive effect is defined as the effect that one hormone has enabling that a second hormone to exert its biological activity. Thyroid hormone has a permissive effect on the hormone epinephrine, by synthesizing ß adrenergic receptors, it enables the hormone epinephrine binds to them and cause the cells of the bronchioles to dilate.

kelp are large brown algae that live in cool, relatively shallow waters close to the shore. they grow in dense groupings much like a forest on land. these underwater towers of kelp provide food and shelter for thousands of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammal species.

e) all of the above