What are mutations, and how can they affect proteins?

Mutations are permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA. Mutations result in the production of nonfunctional or malfunctioning proteins.

Explanation: Mutations are errors that normally occur during replication as new nucleotides are added to the growing polynucleotide chain. The result is a mutated DNA molecule, and this leads to the production of an mRNA molecule with an altered nucleotide sequence during transcription and consequently, the production of aaprotein nonfunctional protein with an altered amino acid sequence.

4.) metal

"-the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment

-carbon is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (which make up all organisms)

-carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms

-producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

-bacteria in the atmosphere cycles through the system in filtration units

-in cellular respiration, carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

-some carbon is stored in limestone (forming one of the largest "carbon sinks" on earth)

-largest carbon reservoir on earth= limestone

-carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules may be released into the soil or air when the organism dies

-this may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels, which increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide)

-fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago

-they are located in the surface of earth, deep within the earth and beneath the ocean floor."