The distribution of Na+ ions across a typical biological membrane is 10 mmol/L inside the cell and 140 mmol/L outside the cell. At equilibrium the concentrations would be equal, but in a living cell the ions are not at equilibrium.
A) What is the Gibbs free-energy difference for Na+ ions across the membrane at 37°C (normal body temperature)?
The concentration differential must be maintained by coupling to reactions that have at least that difference of Gibbs free energy.

The construction of phylogenetic trees is a mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species. traditionally, these trees have been built using morphological data, such as appearance and embryology. recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data. phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each: that there is strong evidence of a real underlying common descent. this phylogenic tree is composed based on molecular data (rrna). what statements can we infer are true about the organisms throughout the tree? because the tree is rooted, all branches share a common ancestor. all organisms have some sort of cellular structure/organization. all eukaryotes evolved from bacteria. since the organisms contain rna, they share the same dna. if the organisms contain rna, the share the same four nitrogen bases.

List two modern organisms that have pentameral symmetry

Ecology can best be described as the study of what