A. Controlling the rates of transcription and translation is important in bacteria to avoid collisions between ribosomes and RNA polymerases. Calculate what the maximum rate of translation by a ribosome in a bacterial cell would have to be, in units of amino acids per second, so as not to overtake an RNA polymerase that is transcribing mRNA at a rate of 60 nucleotides per second. b. How long would it take for this bacterial cell to translate an mRNA containing 1800 codons?

The rate will be 20aminoacids per second and it would take 80 seconds to translate.

Explanation: Translation is the process where mRNA is transformed into a polypeptide. This happens when a ribossome converts 3 nucleotides to 1 aminoacid. For this cell, as the rate is 60 nucleotides per second:

3 nucleotides - 1 aminoacid

60 nucleotides - 60/3 = 20 aminocids

The maximum rate of translation will be 20aminoacids per second.

A codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides. 1800 codos has 5400 nucleotides.

If the rate is 60 nucleotides per second:

5400/60 = 80s

It would take 80 seconds to translate that piece of mRNA.

prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.

chert is a sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline silica. with this little bit of information, you can come to the conclusion that your answer is c.  

explanation: