In avocets, curved beaks result from a Z-linked recessives gene. A curve-beak male is mated with a flat-beaked (normal) female. The F1 are interbred to produce the F2. What is the probability of producing a curve-beak female in the F2

50%

Explanation:

        Z        O

z    Zz        zo

z    Zz        zo

The males will have two copies of the alleles of the genes present on the Z chromosomes. As females have only one Z chromosome, they will have only one allele for the genes present on the Z chromosome.

The results from the punnet square show that there will be chance that the females of the F2 progeny will have curved-beaks.

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step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.