Minor species. For an amino acid such as alanine, the major species in solution at pH 7 is the zwitterionic form. Assume a pKa value of 8 for the amino group and a pKa value of 3 for the carboxylic acid. Estimate the ratio of the concentration of the neutral amino acid spe- cies (with the carboxylic acid protonated and the amino group neutral) to that of the zwitterionic species at pH 7 (Section 1.3).

Explanation:

Using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, we find the ratio of alanine-COOH to alanine-COO- at pH 7 to be 10power-4. The ratio of alanine-NH2 to alanine-NH3+, determined in the same fashion, is 10power -1. Thus, the ratio of neutral alanine to zwitterionic species is 10-4 × 10 power-1 = 10power-5.

answer: ice crystals in air

the water from the water body or another source of water gets evaporated as water vapor as an effect of heat on water. these water vapor rises in the upper layers of the earth atmosphere under high atmospheric pressure. the atmospheric pressure of these water molecules starts to decrease due to the effect of cold air. the invisible water vapor condenses into visible water droplets and ice crystals.these ice crystals and water droplets being less denser than the surrounding air floats on air as clouds.