1. Compare and contrast simple transporters, the phosphotransferase system, and ABC transporters in terms of (1) energy source, (2) chemical alterations of the solute during transport, and (3) number of proteins required.

The transporters are required for the transport of specific molecules into and out of the cell. These transporters are located in the cell membrane or on the receptors of the cell.

Simple transporters generally obtain their energy by the difference created by the proton motive force. The ions especially hydrogen ions alters during the transport. Only simple proteins are required for this type of transport.

Phosphotransferase System obtain their energy by the transfer of the specific substance like phosphoenol pyruvate. This transporter atleast requires up to five protein. The phosphate ions are altered during the transport. This transporter is more common in prokaryotes.

ABC transporters contains the N and C terminal domain. Multiple pass transmembrane proteins are required for this type of transport. This transporters require ATP for the binding and dissociation of proteins.

the abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. the region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. the stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. the stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. the pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.

the potatoes have high sugar concentrations and although these potatoes were different we could seethe effects that their sugar concentrations had in different environments. for example, the potatoes in sample a, were placed in pure water. this created a hypertonic environment and caused the potatoes to draw in water from its surroundings. we saw the opposite happen with the potatoes in sample b when placed in the sodium chloride solution. the potatoes in this case were in a hypotonic solution and therefore lost water to their surroundings.