DNA controls the cell by transmitting genetic messages that result in protein production. Place the following organelles in the order that represents the flow of genetic information from the DNA through the cell: nuclear pores, ribosomes, nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus.

Explanation:

Replication is the way to perpetuate genetic information, and ensure a faithful copy of the information in each of the cells produced by division. Regarding the transmission of information within the cell, the fundamental steps are two.

The first step, transcription, consists of the exact copy of one of the strands of DNA to RNA; the RNA sequence will be exactly the same as that of the copied DNA, except for the presence of uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

The second step, translation, involves the synthesis of proteins using the genetic code, which identifies specific amino acids from a set of three bases.

The three processes mentioned are polymerization processes, which can be divided into three stages: Initiation, elongation and termination, defined in each case by specific events.

Between transcription and translation, in some cases there is a processing of transcripts in order to obtain mature messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation products are also processed. In each case, signaling elements are involved in the molecule that carries the information (DNA, RNA or protein) to give rise to a correct copying or processing.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

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