Birds follow a herd of water buffalo to catch insects that are disturbed as the large herbivores walk through the grass. When large predators are near, the birds fly into the air and make warning calls. Who are the birds warning?

Mutualism

Explanation:

Mutualism is a biological interaction, between individuals of different species, where both benefit and improve their biological fitness. Similar actions that occur between members of the same species are called cooperation. Mutualism differs from other interactions in which one species benefits at the expense of another or other species; these are cases of exploitation, such as parasitism, predation, etc.

So, mutualism is a way of life in which two species that could live independently come together permanently or sporadically and each puts in some effort for the survival of both. Generally a species that is the strongest or has the most defensive resources, is the one that protects the weakest and this one "pays" it with some skill or habit that is beneficial for the other. In this case, the buffalo in some way helps the birds to get insects to feed. And as "pay", the birds warn the buffalo when predators are nearby.

answer: - few nutrients

high pressure

low temperatures

explanation: 1. few nutrients:   open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.2. high pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.3. ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface. 4. varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.5. low temperatures:   the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°c to an average of 17°c

the darker peppered moth species were favored due to the fact that the industrial revolution had made all the nearby trees a darker color instead of white.