Anthony has been refusing to go to school. Anthony's culture places great emphasis on academic achievement and expects that young people will get no grade lower than an A, and his teacher wonders whether that may be influencing Anthony's school refusal. This illustrates operation of the .a. chronosystem.
b. exosystem.
c. macrosystem.
d. mesosystem.

Anthony has been refusing to go to school. Anthony's culture places great emphasis on academic achievement and expects that young people will get no grade lower than an A, and his teacher wonders whether that may be influencing Anthony's school refusal. This illustrates operation of the Macrosystem.

Explanation:

Urie Bronfenbrenner has developed a theory of ecosystems in which the macrosystem deals with the culture in which an individual survive. There are five differemt environmental systems that has been dealt with this system in which the individual interacts. They are mesosystem,macrosystem, microsystem, chronosystem and exosystem.

When the culture is dealt as a whole and dealing with poverty,ethnicity,status in socioeconomic context and wealth is Macrosystem. They also deal with children their studies and the working nature of their parents. The example given here deals with an individual's emphasis towards academic and the things that influence him. Thus it illustrates the operation of Macrosystem.

Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.