Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as , whereas removal of an aversive stimulus serves as

positive reinforcement: negative reinforcement

Explanation:

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as positive reinforcement, whereas removal of an aversive stimulus serves as negative reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement involves rewarding a subject when they perform a desirable act. In other words, the act is associated with the reward.

An example is, giving a child sweet for washing the dishes or behaving organized.

Negative reinforcement occurs when a negative situation is removed  as a result of a behavior; this further strengthens that behavior in the future as a result of the favorable outcome.

An example is a child crying because he doesn't like a food, the crying can lead his parents to withdraw the food. The act of crying by the child can be used subsequently

not: both offer magnification to the atomic level.

essentially, one bacterial cell splits into two daugurer cells. bacterial offspring don't need or get care from their parents because they are in a sense their own parents. that said, some bacteria can and do depend on other bacteria especially in harsh environments such as bacterial microfilms in hot water tanks.