What are reducing and non-reducing sugars?

Waianapanapa beach in hawaii is a black-sand beach that was formed by waves crashing against volcanic rock. the sand can be very hot on sunny days. which statement best explains why? o a. the black sand has no heat capacity. b. the black sand absorbs no radiation. o c. the black sand is immune to insolation. d. the black sand has a low albedo.

In general, characteristics that an organism survive and reproduce become more common in a population over time. what mechanism of evolution cause this change?

How do disease caused by bacteria and disease caused by viruses react to antibiotics?