In as much detail as possible, explain what crossing over is, including when it occurs, why it
occurs, and how it contributes to genetic variation: *

Explanation:

Crossing over is an important section of the normal segregation of the chromosomes in case of the meiosis. Crossing over happens due to the genetic variations, as the genetic materials gets alter at the time of crossing over. The chromatids that are bind together with the help of the centromere do not remain similar in this case. Crossing over gives rise to variation because the alternation takes place between the nonidentical chromatids having different characteristics or traits. Sometimes gives rise to completely new trait which is not present in both the parents this condition makes the . genetic diversity.

the electromagnetic energy from the sun arrives in the form of visible and invisible light.

ans.

dna fingerprinting is defined as a process that determines the dna characteristics of an individual. these dna characteristics are unique among individuals as their fingerprints, so it is known as dna fingerprinting.

steps of dna fingerprinting includes extraction of dna from sample, amplification of dna, restriction digestion of amplified dna, and then analysis of dna by gel electrophoresis, respectively.

thus, the next step performed by the scientist is 'to cut the amplified dna (obtained by polymerase chain reaction) by restriction enzymes that cleave the dna into fragments and their analysis.'