Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. how then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? a. they have to eat a lot of it. b. microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units. c. cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes. d. the flat teeth and strong stomach of herbivores break the cellulose fibers so that the cows get enough nutrition from the cell contents. e. all of the above.

B. Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Explanation:

Cows are ruminants.  They lack the cellulose digesting enzymes. However, they have a stomach with four chambers. The first two chambers of their stomach house symbiotic bacteria and protists. These microbes have the ability to digest cellulose into simple sugars. These simple sugars are then used by the host and the bacteria themselves. The microbes digesting the cellulose produce the enzyme cellulase and breakdown cellulose anaerobically.

g1

choices:

a. g2. b. g1. c. m

cell division has two checkpoints namely, g1

checkpoint and spindle assembly checkpoint. the checkpoint which determines if

division has properly occurred is the g1 checkpoint. at this point, is a damage

in the dna is detected or  the has not reach the optimum size, the cell is

stopped in g1 and is not allowed to proceed to further process.

source:

humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species (such as new predators and food competitors), overhunting, and other influences. explosive, unsustainable human population growth is an essential cause of the extinction crisis.

explanation:

i didn't have the answer choices , but i tried my best.