The dutch elm pathogen is spread from an infected elm tree to a healthy tree by1.wind-blown or rain-splashed spores2.root grafts3.both wind-blown/rain-splashed spores and infested elm bark beetles4.both infested elm bark beetles and root grafts5.infested elm bark beetles

5. infested elm bark beetles

Explanation:

Research publication (TERRY A. TATTAR, in Diseases of Shade Trees (Revised Edition), 1989) provided the detail on Dutch elm disease. According to researcher it is caused by Ceratocystis ulmi (fungus). Elm bark beetles carry this fungus from infected wood to the healthy wood.

it's the cell cycle, but cytokines is when the cell divides.

theres 3 stages interphase,mitosis,and cytokines.

interphase prepares the cell for division.

mitosis is the process of dividing the cell,it has 4 parts interphase,anaphase,metaphase,and telophase.

lastly there's cytokines,that's when the cell divides into 2 daughter cells

4.) metal

"-the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment

-carbon is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (which make up all organisms)

-carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms

-producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

-bacteria in the atmosphere cycles through the system in filtration units

-in cellular respiration, carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

-some carbon is stored in limestone (forming one of the largest "carbon sinks" on earth)

-largest carbon reservoir on earth= limestone

-carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules may be released into the soil or air when the organism dies

-this may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels, which increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide)

-fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago

-they are located in the surface of earth, deep within the earth and beneath the ocean floor."