19. which statement is true about energy in an
ecosystem?
a. energy for most ecosystems originates from
the sun.
b. energy most often is released as light from
an ecosystem.
c. energy flows from heterotrophs to autotrophs.
d. energy levels increase toward the top of the
food chain.

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The correct option would be A. energy for most ecosystems originates from the Sun.

If you think about it, plants are at the start of an ecosystem and they obtain their energy from the sun (photosynthesis requires solar energy)

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the answers are a and c

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.