How can mutations affect evolutionary processes? a) mutations are novel genes that increase an organism’s fitness in the environment. b) mutations are new genotypes that cause an organism to be more poorly fit due to non-functional essential genes within its genome. c) mutations are changes in the genome that can code for new phenotypes that may be selected for or against by the environmental pressures. d) mutations are changes to protein structure that create new genotypes that can be selected for or against by the environmental pressures.

The dna in a cell’s nucleus encodes proteins that are eventually targeted to every membrane and compartment in the cell, as well as proteins that are targeted for secretion from the cell. for example, consider these two proteins: phosphofructokinase (pfk) is an enzyme that functions in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. insulin, a protein that regulates blood sugar levels, is secreted from specialized pancreatic cells. assume that you can track the cellular locations of these two proteins from the time that translation is complete until the proteins reach their final destinations.for each protein, identify its targeting pathway: the sequence of cellular locations in which the protein is found from when translation is complete until it reaches its final (functional) destination. (note that if an organelle is listed in a pathway, the location implied is inside the organelle, not in the membrane that surrounds the organelle.)

How many major plates cover the earth

What best describes the dropping height of a ball that bounces back up to a height of 45 cm