How can the knowledge of the human genome be useful for in-vitro fertilization techniques? a) genes with the desired traits can be introduced into the sperm of infertile males. b) the genes that cause infertility can be removed from the female ovum. c) proteins can be injected into infertile individuals to increase fertility. d) disease-free sperm and ova could be identified and used.

D) Disease-free sperm and ova could be identified and used.

Explanation:

In the human genome is all the genetic information that regulates the entire organism of an individual. Knowing this genome is important for several reasons, but mainly to be able to prevent diseases, preventing the organism from suffering from them.

In in vitro fertilization methods (methods that allow an assisted union between sperm and oocyte), knowledge of the human genome increases the chances of success. That's because it allows disease-free sperm and eggs to be identified and used.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.