As a research scientist, you measure the amount of atp and nadph consumed by the calvin cycle in 1 hour. you find 30,000 molecules of atp consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of nadph. where did the extra atp molecules come from?
a. photosystem ll
b. photosystem i
c. cyclic electron flow
d. noncyclic electron flow
e. chlorophyll

C. cyclic electron flow

Explanation:

Cyclic electron flow includes only PSI. Electrons passing from P700 of PS I to ferredoxin do not reduce NADP+. The electrons are channeled back through the cytochrome b6f complex to plastocyanin. Therefore, cyclic electron flow cycles the electrons out of and back to the P700 and is not accompanied by a reduction of NADPH or splitting of H2O molecule.

However, proton pumping by the cytochrome b6f complex during electron transfer generates the proton contraction gradient which in turn drives the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The cyclic photophosphorylation supplies the extra ATP required for the Calvin cycle.

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.

more words for this could be abiotic and biotic

abiotic: living organisms within an ecosystem

biotic: non-living organisms within an ecosystem