G6pd deficiency is an x-linked recessive disorder. when people who have this disorder eat fava beans, they have a dangerous acute reaction in which a large number of their red blood cells rupture. a mother has the disorder; the father does not. what is the chance that any child of this union will have the trait?

In case   mother carries an X-linked recessive disease and father does not, the risk for each offspring is dependable upon the offspring is male or female. In case of male child, there is a 50% chance to be disease free, and a 50% chance to be affected by this disorder.

Explanation:

G6PD deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder. The coding gene for G6PD is in the distal long-arm of the X chromosome (Xq28). The gene is 18 kb of length. It has 13 exons. The G6PD enzyme consists of  515 amino acids.

There are over 60 mutations detected in the G6PD gene. The majority of them are single-base changes (amino acid substitution). The X-linked disease is a disease caused by mutation of a gene on the X chromosome. In X recessive disorder male children most commonly manifest the abnormality. The female children are carriers and asymptomatic in case of homozygous or if there is an inactivation of their normal X chromosome.

In case   mother carries an X-linked recessive disease and father does not, the risk for each offspring is dependable upon the offspring is male or female. In case of male child, there is a 50% chance to be disease free, and a 50% chance to be affected by this disorder.

In case of a female offspring, there is a 50% chance to be unaffected, and a 50% to be a carrier.

If a father has G6PD deficiency, while the mother is a carrier all male offspring will be healthy. In this case, the female offspring will be carriers.

In case of  G6PD deficiency, reactive oxygen molecules accumulate and lead to the damage of red blood cells. Certain factors (fava beans, certain medicaments, infections etc. ) may lower the reactive oxygen molecules and lead to acute episodic hemolytic anemia.  In that case, red blood cells are damaged faster than they may be replaced in the human body. There are signs of hemolytic anemia in case of G6PD deficiency. Thus, chronic hemolysis may occur with a significantly lower level of enzyme.  In case of symptomatic patients there is a neonatal jaundice and acute hemolytic anemia. Kernicterus may be a neonatal complications in G6PD deficiency.

which

the earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions from a cloud of hydrogen, helium, rock, ice and other materials. these were pulled together by gravity to form objects in and around earth like- asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals.

so, the best possible answer to this question will be option d- to harden materials to form different parts of earth’s layers