Xxy consider a pea plant- it has a gene controlling seed color- yellow vs green; another gene controlling seed texture-smooth vs wrinkled. a true breeding smooth green plant is crossed to a true breeding wrinkled yellow. all the f1 progeny were smooth yellow. the f1 generations were self-fertilized. assume the two genes (seed color and seed texture) are very tightly linked. in the f2 what is the expected ratio of the phenotypes- smooth & yellow: smooth & green: wrinkled & yellow: wrinkled & green

2 Smooth yellow : 1 smooth green : 1 wrinkled yellow : 0 wrinkled green

Explanation:

The cross between a true breeding smooth green and a true breeding wrinkled yellow produced a homogeneous smooth yellow F1 . According to Mendel's Law of Dominance, the traits that appeared in the progeny are dominant.

The parents were true breeding, so they are homozygous for all genes.

If the genes are linked, their genotypes can be written as:

     smooth green  X  wrinkled yellow

The F1 is self-fertilized, so a cross Sy/sY x Sy/sY is done. If the genes are very tightly linked, almost no recombination happens between them and all gametes will be parental.

The F1 individuals can produce 2 types of gametes then: Sy and sY.

The expected offspring would be:

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.