8. what are the essential steps of building phylogenies? explain ingroup, outgroup, characters, character states, data matrix, and parsimony vs. statistical (model-based) methods. understand why we use unrooted trees when building phylogenies and know their limitations.

Agroup of plant cells was exposed to radiation, which damaged the chloroplasts and caused them to lose function. if the mitochondria were unharmed, what would happen to the overall function of the plant cells? a. the cells would not be able to make food, but would be able to release energy from biomolecules. b. the cells would not be able to replicate dna, but would be able to break down waste. c. the cells would not be able to break down waste, but would be able to replicate dna. d. the cells would not be able to release energy from biomolecules, but would be able to make food.

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? a) catalysis b) metabolism c) anabolism d) dehydration e) catabolism

The earth formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago, yet evidence of life dates back to about 3.5 billion years ago. which one is not a possible hypothesis of how life on earth arose?