The initiation of transcription requires melting of the dna double helix, i. e. separating hydrogen-bonded base pairs, immediately upstream of the +1 site. how is this melting accomplished in e. coli?
a. bases at the promoter region flip outward from the double helix into pockets on the polymerase.
b. dna helicase first unwinds the double helix around the +1 site.
c. rna polymerase gets the energy to cause separation of strands from atp hydrolysis.
d. topoisomerase first returns the linking number to lk0. dnaa: atp complexes bind to and twist the double helix at the +1 site.