Describe 3 safeguards that cells have to ensure damages and/or abnormal cell to not enter the cell cycle and reproduce

1) Cells exhibit a characteristic called "contact inhibition." Cells will grow and divide until they begin to touch other cells. Then cells will slow down their division and will eventually stop reproducing.

2) Cells have chemical signals that tell them when to divide more rapidly, and cells that are nearby send signals for other cells to slow down or stop dividing. These signals ensure that cells don't "overgrow" their boundaries and get in the way of other tissues. On the other hand, if you were to cut your finger, the cells around the wound would receive signals to divide more quickly so that the cut could heal.

3.A certain type of cyclin makes sure all chromosomes are attached to a spindle fiber before entering anaphase

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.