Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem ii, yet are able to survive. the best
way to detect the lack of photosystem ii in these organisms would be
a) to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts.
b) to test for liberation of o2 in the light.
c) to test for co2 fixation in the dark.
d) to do experiments to generate an action spectrum.
e) to test for production of either sucrose or starch.

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.

How do all types of diffusion/passive transport actually ‘work’ without using even the smallest amount of cellular energy?

What is any method of measuring the age of an object or event in years, such as using atomic half-life?