The winter flounder (pseudopleuronectes americanus) lives in the mid-atlantic ocean and along the new england coast, where frigid water temperatures would normally turn the water inside the flounder's cells into ice. does the flounder produce some type of antifreeze compound that prevents it from freezing solid?
p. americanus produces a small antifreeze protein (afp) that binds to ice crystals as they form. the structure of afp has polar groups on one side and nonpolar groups on the other. propose a hypothesis to explain how afp prevents cells from freezing solid.

carbohydrates: (starches and sugars) composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lipids: (fats, oils, and waxes) are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

nucleic acids: contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. they are polymers of nucleotides. a nucleotide has three parts, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate     (-po⬇️4) group, and a nitrogenous base.

proteins: made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. they are polymers of amino acids.

a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make atp. the glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. while water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.

bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids.