Which of the following statements about a typical plasma membrane is correct?
a. phospholipids are the primary component that determines which solutes can cross the plasma membrane.
b. the plasma membrane is a covalently linked network of phospholipids and proteins that controls the movement of solutes into and out of a cell.
c. carbohydrates on the membrane surface are important in determining the overall bilayer structure.
d. the two sides of the plasma membrane have different lipid and protein composition.
e. the hydrophilic interior of the membrane is composed primarily of the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids.

A

Explanation:

Typically across all life, the plasma membrane of cells is made up of a bilipid layer of phospholipids. The phosphate ends of the molecules, which are hydrophilic hence ‘face’ the interior and exterior of the cells. The fatty acid chains, which are hydrophobic are embedded in between because they no charges hence do not interact well with charged molecules. The phosphate ends, on the other hand, are negatively charged hence can interact well with the polar water molecules. It is therefore usually a challenge for molecules with charges to diffuse across the membrane without the help of channel proteins that will help them cross the hydrophobic layer.

a: the sheep and waste material both release carbon into the atmosphere.

answer: - few nutrients

high pressure

low temperatures

explanation: 1. few nutrients:   open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.2. high pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.3. ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface. 4. varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.5. low temperatures:   the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°c to an average of 17°c