Mutation is a random and non-adaptive process. this was first proven by:
a. lysenko and lamarck, using the removal of mouse tails as an environmental stress.
b. joshua and esther lederberg, using the removal of mouse tails as an environmental stress.
c. lysenko and lamarck, using replica plated e. coli and streptomycin as an environmental stress.
d. joshua and esther lederberg, using replica-plated e. coli and streptomycin as an environmental stress
e. mutation is not a random, non-adaptive process

Option (d).

Explanation:

Mutation may be defined as the sudden, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of the organism. Mutation may occur due to the errors in DNA replication or may occurs due to the mutagens.

Joshua and Lederberg experiment explains that mutation is the non adaptive and random process that occur in the organism. He used the replica plating of E.coli and grows them on streptomycin drug. The bacteria was grown on the the primary plate and they are transferred to the secondary plate with streptomycin drug in the growth environment. The resistant strain of bacteria grows in the streptomycin environment.The pattern of bacteria growth on the plate explained that mutation occurs randomly and it is a non adaptive process.

Thus, the correct answer is option (d).

1. a host loses nutrients to a parasite

2. a parasite only benefits when the host is alive (cause if the host dies the parasite dies with it )

3. producers to consumers

4. the tapeworm is a parasite

5. they convert energy from the sun (photosynthesis)

6. sunflower-robin (i think im 80% sure)

7. producer

8. consumer

9. prey

10. fresh water snails ( cause the green algea is the producer and the snails are the primary consumers and the small fish consumer so is the big fish)