In maize (corn) plants, a dominant allele i inhibits kernel color, while the recessive allele i permits color when homozygous. at a different locus, the dominant allele p causes purple kernel color, while the homozygous recessive genotype pp causes red kernels. if plants heterozygous at both loci are crossed, what will be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?

Phenotype ratio= 12 colorless : 3 purple : 1 red

Genotype ratio= 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

Explanation:

According to the given information, the dominant allele "I" is epistatic to P and p alleles and presence of "I" inhibits the expression of both "P" and "p" alleles.

A cross between two heterozygous plants for both locus would give the F2 progeny in 12 colorless: 3 purple: 1 red ratio.

Here, the F2 genotype with "I-G" and "I-gg" would produce colorless kernels while the ones with "ii-G-" would exhibit purple colored kernels. The F2 genotype "iigg" would beak red kernels.

Hence, the phenotype ratio= 12 colorless : 3 purple : 1 red

Genotype ratio would be same as for the mendelian dihybrid cross= 1 IIPP: 2 IIPp :1 IIpp: 2 IiPP :4 IiPp: 2 Iipp: 1 iiPP :2 iiPp: 1 iipp

unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to perform all life functions within one single cell. multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life processes. each of these special types of cells has a different structure that it perform a specific function.

measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.