Would you expect a shrub or dandelion (dispersed by wind-blown seed) to be a more likely pioneer plant species? why? you so much for ! means a lot !

Dandelions may appear quicker after harsh conditions and reproduce at a faster rate. However, both dandelions and shrubs are considered fast-growing plant species that can be categorized as pioneer species.

Explanation:

Secondary succession refers to the changes that take place in a disturbed habitat. Pioneer plant species are those that colonize new habitats after harsh climate conditions and that tend to reproduce at a fast rate.

According to researcher J.W. Darlling (2008), pioneer herbs and shrubs are species that tend to grow faster in comparison to other species, making them excellent pioneer species.

This occurs thanks to plants that are wind-pollinated, such as dandelions, have a higher chance to appear because, as it is a disturbed environment, there are no insects or other fauna present. In addition, shrubs are persistent species that are able to reproduce fast with limited soil availability but a bit slower in comparison to dandelions.

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.