How would bias affect the way that decisions are made to apply scientific ideas?

What are four key elements of the study of economics?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Punnett squares are used to show possible combinations of alleles or to predict the probability of a trait occurring in offspring. an incomplete dominance cross is performed between a bird that is homozygous for red feathers and a bird that is homozygous for blue feathers. purple offspring result. then, two of the purple offspring are crossed. according to the punnett square for this cross, how many of the offspring from the second cross will have a feather color that results from incomplete dominance? 1 in 4 2 in 4 3 in 4 4 in 4