Summarize two hypotheses that explain why food chains are relatively short.

1. The energetic hypothesis suggests that the efficiency of energy transfer along the food chain determines the length of the food chain.

2. The dynamic stability hypothesis states that long food chains are less stable under the conditions of fluctuations.

Explanation:

Since only 10% of energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next one, the longer food chains are less efficient with respect to energy transfer. Hence, food chains are shorter to make them efficient in energy transfer.

The longer food chains are more likely to be affected by any environmental or man-made disturbance as the fluctuations are magnified at the higher trophic levels. The top consumers of shorter food chains are more likely to get recovered after such disturbances.  

the framers of the constitution insisted that federal judges be nominated instead of elected due to their desire to have judges above the shifting whims of the masses.

the hope, whether achieved or not, was that federal judges would only be beholden to the law and that by not having judges be elected, they would be protected if that law dictated an outcome that ran counter to popular opinion.

answer: accepted answer: aquatic animals use the oxygen dissolved in water to carry out respiration. since the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is low as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, therefore the rate of breathing in aquatic animals is much faster than it is in terrestrial animals.

explanation: