When there is an excess of sodium in the body
a. as a compensatory measure, aldosterone secretion is decrease the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
b. as a compensatory measure, the kidney reflexly increases the amount of sodium excreted
c. there is a reflex stimulation of the thirst center within the hypothalamus
d. there is a fluid shift from the icf to the ecf

A.when there is more sodium in the blood ,the aldosterone level is decreased and the re absorption of sodium is also decreased

Explanation:

Aldosterone is a hormone that is excreted by the adernal cortex of the kidney

and it acts on the collecting tubules and distal tubules to conserve the sodium and retain the water and excrete potassium ions.

It Increases the blood pressure .

If there is excess of sodium retention ,the body signals to decrease the secretion of the aldosterone and maintain the body osmolarity .

significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution

explanation:

passenger vehicles are a major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution. in 2013, transportation contributed more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air.

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.