Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems?
(a) decomposition limits nutrient cycling rates.
(b) energy transfer between trophic levels is almost always less than 20% efficient.
(c) nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.
(d) direct competition between consumers and decomposers for nutrients and energy.
(e) resource partitioning among higher-order consumers.
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Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ec...
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