The direct energy source that drives atp synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) is a. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from nadh to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. b. the difference in h+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. c. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. d. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of adp. e. oxidation of glucose to co2 and water.

b. the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Explanation:

As electrons move from NADH and FADH2 through the protein complexes of electron transport chain towards molecular oxygen, protons (H+) are transported from matrix to the intermembrane space.

This proton motive force with intermembrane space being more positive due to higher proton concentration with respect to the matrix side serves as an energy source for ATP synthesis. As protons are diffused back to the matrix side through Fo proton channels, the energy of the proton motive force is used to drive ATP synthesis.

the earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions from a cloud of hydrogen, helium, rock, ice and other materials. these were pulled together by gravity to form objects in and around earth like- asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals.

so, the best possible answer to this question will be option d- to harden materials to form different parts of earth’s layers