Omparing two drugs. makers of generic drugs must show that they do not differ significantly from the “reference” drugs that they imitate. one aspect in which drugs might differ is their extent of absorption in the blood. table 20.5 gives data taken from 20 healthy nonsmoking male subjects for one pair of drugs.33 this is a matched pairs design. numbers 1 through 20 were assigned at random to the subjects. subjects 1 through 10 received the generic drug first, followed by the reference drug. subjects 11 through 20 received the reference drug first, followed by the generic drug. in all cases, a washout period separated the two drugs so that the first had disappeared from the blood before the subject took the second. by randomizing the order, we eliminate the order in which the drugs were administered from being confounded with the difference in the absorption in the blood. do the drugs differ significantly in the amount absorbed in the blood?

humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species (such as new predators and food competitors), overhunting, and other influences. explosive, unsustainable human population growth is an essential cause of the extinction crisis.

explanation:

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step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.