Why would a spray defense be a useful mechanism for a species?

Which equation is used to calculate the magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field

Which of the following is likely not involved in this example of ecological succession? a) the rotting remains of plants add to the fertility of the soil. b)the soil becomes so fertile that eel grass is replaced by other plant species. c) the roots from plants stabilize the sediment, keeping it in place. d) the concentration of salt becomes so high that all plant life is destroyed.

What is it called when lava when it erupts from the surface through volcanoes.