Icl has a higher boiling point than br2. what is the best explanation for this?
a.)br2 experiences dipole0dipole interactions.
b.)icl experiences dipole0dipole interactions.
c.)br2 forms hydrogen bonds.
d.)icl experiences induced dipole0induced dipole interactions.

 Iodine (I) and chlorine (Cl) are both in group 7 of the periodic table. Since electronegativity decreases as you go down a group,  Cl will have a greater attraction for the pair of shared electrons that forms the bond between it and I. We can have a dipole forming because of this thus; dipole-dipole interactions can occur between identical ICl molecules.

As the bromine atoms in Br2 are identical, shared electrons that form the bond between the atoms are not pushed towards one or the other, because both have an equal attraction. Therefore, no dipole can occur and these electrostatic interactions between the molecules cannot be seen with Br2. Thus, this is why you would expect ICl to have a higher boiling point

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

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