Fossil fuels are energy sources often used to generate electricity in power plants or provide fuel for vehicles. which of these would be considered an externality, or external cost, associated with the use of fossil fuels as energy sources?

a. the cost of extraction of the fossil fuel from the ground.

b. the cost of building the infrastructure at the power plant.

c. the cost of transporting the fossil fuel from a source to its destination.

d. the cost to global systems as carbon emissions increase from fossil fuel combustion, leading to climate changes.