Any stimulus that opens a ion channel will produce a graded potential.

a) a voltage-gated
b) a chemically-gated
c) a sodium
d) a mechanically-gated
e) all of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Ion channels are proteins located in the membrane that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Ion channels can be classified (by what opens and closes the channels) into few groups:

•Voltage-gated channels-open and close in response to membrane potential

Examples: Voltage-gated proton channels, Voltage-gated sodium channels, Voltage-gated potassium channels

•Ligand-gated (neurotransmitter) or ionotropic receptors (ligand binds to extracellular domain of the receptor

Examples: "nicotinic" Acetylcholine receptor, ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors

•Lipid-gated- lipid molecules bind to the  transmembrane domain of the channel

Example: Inward-rectifier potassium channels

•Light-gated channels-like rhodopsin channel that is directly opened by photons

•Mechanosensitive (e.g. stretch, pressure) ion channels.

d. the weight of the book

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