Which of the following are fallacies of relevance? equivocation and division hasty generalization and false analogy faulty analogy and non sequitur popular appeal and personal attack

popular appeal and personal attack.

Fallacies of relevance fail to provide relevant and sufficient reasons to support its conclusion. Popular appeal (argumentum ad populum) believes a statement is true when the majority believes it is true. This is a fallacy of relevance because the truth of a statement is solely based upon the circumstances whether or not everyone regards it as true or not instead of focusing on the statement itself.

On the other hand, personal attack (argumentum ad hominem) makes the person giving the statement appear bad in order to discredit their statements. This fallacy attempts to steer away the conversation into another issue and therefore making its conclusion an invalid one. 

where is the scientific experiment?

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.