which of the following ecological levels of organization includes abiotic factors.

a. community.
b. ecosystem.
c. population.
d. all of these

Ecosystem levels of organization includes abiotic factors.

Option B

Explanation:

In science, the term species alludes to all creatures of a similar kind that are conceivably skilled, under regular conditions, of rearing and delivering rich posterity. The individuals from an animal type living in a given zone simultaneously comprise a populace. Every one of the populaces living and interfacing inside a specific geographic zone makes up a natural (or biotic) community.

The living life forms in a network together with their nonliving or abiotic condition make up an ecosystem. In general, an ecosystem it can be as little as a couple of mosquito hatchlings living in a downpour puddle or as huge as prairie extending crosswise over a huge number of kilometers.

the correct option is option d